娃娃鱼，也叫大鲵，是这一类形态相似体型巨大的家伙们的名字，它们有中国大鲵、华南大鲵、江西大鲵还有日本大鲵。世界上最大的两栖动物是娃娃鱼，确切地说是中国大鲵。因为中国大鲵是这些大鲵里面体型最大的。目前，最长的中国大鲵记录超过2米，重量和一个成年男子差不多。而现存的最大的中国大鲵，可能是住在张家界的“笨笨”，在2012年记录已经有1.8米长，重大概65公斤。在2012年的时候笨笨已经有点衰老的迹象了，身体不是很好，当地人就把笨笨放到纯天然的溶洞中生活。如果笨笨还健在的话，现在可能超过140岁。
图1 中国大鲵（来源：维基百科）
娃娃鱼是水生动物中的另类，不少人认为娃娃鱼的名字由来是因为它们的叫声就像小娃娃的哭啼声。但实际娃娃鱼并不会哭啼，它们没有声带。唯一可能发出声音的时候，就是它们在被人捕捉受到惊吓的时候，正好肺里有空气，空气被挤压出来而发出微弱的声音。
娃娃鱼长得丑，全身灰色有黑斑，一些养殖场的娃娃鱼会出现橙色的变异。不过娃娃鱼的身体有点粗，圆筒一样，两侧的皮肤褶皱在一起像抹布。尾巴则是侧扁的，非常有力气。
然而娃娃鱼也很可爱。它的嘴非常大，为了配合这么大的嘴，所以娃娃鱼的脑袋也显得大，扁的。大脑袋大嘴，眼睛却非常小，小豆子一样，还有胖乎乎的小手。
图2 中国大鲵的大脑袋和小手（来源：维基百科）
娃娃鱼的这些特征，伴随着它们超过了上亿年。古生物学家在内蒙古发现最早的娃娃鱼化石，年代距今为1.65亿年。这个时期，是侏罗纪晚期，恐龙盛行的时代。所以，我们说娃娃鱼是与恐龙同一时代生存并延续下来的珍稀物种，是生物界中的“活化石”。
图3 大鲵化石（来源：维基百科）
娃娃鱼（大鲵）的这些特征虽然可能比较原始，但是能帮助他们很好地适应水中的生活。就比如大脑袋配大嘴，方便捕猎。大嘴里面有几排细小的牙齿，方便它们咬住水里的滑溜溜的鱼。褶皱的皮肤，能充分地接触水中溶解的氧气，辅助它们呼吸。胖乎乎的小手，可以帮助它们在水底爬行，而带点足蹼的后肢，则方便它们在水中前行。大尾巴侧扁，就像船舵，帮它们前进的时候掌握方向并且保持平衡。
大鲵比较“害羞”，白天很小出现，基本都呆在流溪里的洞穴内，晚上就开始活跃了。所以眼睛对它们来说，起到的作用不大。大鲵视力不佳，只能借头和身体去感知水压变化来捕食猎物。水里常见的动物，都是它们的菜。它们喜欢吃河流中的虾、蟹、鱼、蛙，甚至水蛇和水生昆虫，有时运气好也吃上老鼠和鸟类。它们喜欢在滩口石堆中守株待“鱼”。一旦发现猎物经过时，便进行突然袭击，用它们又尖又密的牙齿，死死咬住猎物，然后将其囫囵吞下。成年的大鲵食量很大，一顿可以吃体重的五分之一或更多。但是环境温度低的时候，它们新陈代谢却缓慢。在食物缺乏时，大鲵超能抗饿，据说两三年不吃东西也不会饿死。
这种奇怪的大个子，一般生活在海拔100-1200m的山区，在青海省它们生活的海拔最高可达4200m。它们分布范围覆盖到全国很大部分区域，北到山西的垣曲，西到青海曲麻莱，南到广西，东到浙江。大片区域曾经都有大鲵分布。而现在的分布点就局限在秦岭、武陵山脉等少数山地。
因为人们的贪食，追求不存在的药用价值，大鲵在三十年前被大量抓捕食用，超大个的大鲵已经消失。所以几乎见不到笨笨这么大的个体。尽管养殖场的养殖技术日趋成熟，一米左右的大鲵还是不少。但是野外野生的大鲵不多。曾经有大鲵的河流，因为人们的过度捕捞，野生大鲵的数量急剧减少，再加上中小型水电站大坝的建设，开矿引起的河流水污染等原因导致这些河流已经不适宜大鲵的生存，许多地区的大鲵已经消失。残存的野生大鲵，不少都不得不退缩到溶洞中躲避人类的影响苟延残喘。为了保护极少的野生大鲵，江西省靖安县从二十世纪七十年代就开始在全国第一个发布公告保护大鲵，设立全国第一个大鲵自然保护区，建立全国第一个大鲵研究所，而且在2001年将大鲵定为县吉祥物。而国家在1988年就将大鲵列入国家二级重点保护野生动物。从二十世纪90年代开始，陆续在江西、湖南、陕西、四川、甘肃、湖北和贵州等地方设立保护区，用来保护野生的大鲵种群和它们的栖息地。
现在野生的大鲵被各种保护区小心呵护着。希望它们能像以前一样，重新回到河流中，继续维持河流生态系统的健康。
文章来源：科学出版社
更多阅读：
I am really impressed along with your writing abilities as neatly as with the layout to your weblog. Is that this a paid subject matter or did you customize it yourself? Anyway keep up the nice quality writing, it’s uncommon to see a great blog like this one today. !
Опытные вебмастера используют раскрутка сайта хрумером, чтобы повысить видимость проекта.
Nice share!
NQ
Google Analytics Alternative
https://t.me/s/Reyting_Casino_Russia
Pingback: levitra medication
Pingback: buy ivermectin
Pingback: finasteride for bph
Pingback: prevacid otc cost
Pingback: what is zoloft used for
Pingback: metoprolol xl
It’ѕ appropriatе time to make sоme plans for the longer term and it is time
to be happy. I’ve learn this publish and if I coսld I want to recommend you few іnteresting issues or tips.
Perhaps yoս could write next articles referring to this article.
I desire to learn more things abοut it!
Feel free to visit my blog post: trading platform
Pingback: kúpiť vidalista 100mg
Pingback: semaglutide in voedingswaarde
Pingback: tab finpecia 1mg
Pingback: does topamax help with alcohol cravings
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. That is a very neatly
written article. I’ll be sure to bookmark it and come back to read extra of your helpful info.
Thanks for the post. I will definitely return.
you’re really a excellent webmaster. The web site loading speed is amazing.
It kind of feels that you’re doing any distinctive trick.
Moreover, The contents are masterwork. you have done a magnificent task on this matter!
true fortune casino free true fortune casino free .
crazy time finto https://crazytimeee.com/
solana casino https://solanagxy.com/
Pingback: orlistat medicamento controlado
Pingback: saxenda names
I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was wondering what all is needed to
get setup? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would
cost a pretty penny? I’m not very internet
smart so I’m not 100% sure. Any suggestions or
advice would be greatly appreciated. Appreciate it
Hi there everyone, it’s my first visit at this web page, and
post is actually fruitful designed for me, keep up posting such
articles or reviews.
crazy time love http://crazy-timeitalia.com/ .
Pingback: terbinafine for skin fungus
Pingback: ketorolac tromethamine side effects
I am genuinely delighted to glance at this weblog posts which contains plenty of helpful facts, thanks for providing such information.
Ahaa, its pleasant discussion on the topic of this paragraph here at this
weblog, I have read all that, so at this time me also commenting here.
Pingback: minoxidil mechanism explanation
تم تصميم الموقع ليدعم اللغة العربية بالكامل مع واجهة سهلة تناسب المستخدمين في مصر.
تُعرض أحدث ألعاب السلوت والعناوين الأكثر شعبية في مقدمة صفحة الكازينو.
888starz https://free-credits-report.com/
يتيح الموقع الرسمي الرهان على ما يزيد عن 50 نوعًا رياضيًا تغطي أبرز الأحداث العالمية.
يقدم 888starz للاعبين الجدد في مصر عرضًا ترحيبيًا يصل إلى 1500 يورو و150 دورة مجانية.
يتيح 888starz إنشاء حساب جديد بطرق متعددة لا تستغرق سوى دقائق معدودة.
My brother recommended I would possibly like this blog.
He was once entirely right. This post actually made my day.
You cann’t imagine simply how a lot time I had spent for this
information! Thank you!
I read this post completely on the topic of the difference of newest and preceding
technologies, it’s remarkable article.
I’ve been browsing online more than 4 hours today, yet
I never found any interesting article like yours. It’s pretty worth enough for
me. In my opinion, if all website owners and bloggers made
good content as you did, the internet will be
much more useful than ever before.
Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve visited this web site before but after going through
many of the articles I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless, I’m certainly happy I found it and I’ll be
book-marking it and checking back frequently!
I’ve been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this kind of house .
Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this website.
Reading this information So i am happy to express that I’ve a very excellent uncanny feeling I came upon exactly what I needed.
I such a lot no doubt will make sure to do not
forget this site and give it a glance on a relentless basis.
I think this is among the most vital information for me. And i’m glad
reading your article. But want to remark on some general things, The website style is ideal, the articles is really
great : D. Good job, cheers
Hi, I do think this is a great blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will come back once again since I
book marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to
help other people.
The 888starz official site offers players in Egypt a complete experience combining casino and sportsbook.
Trending slot machines and new releases are highlighted prominently on the official site.
Players can bet on major competitions from the English league to the top tournaments in Egypt.
888starz offers new players in Egypt a welcome offer reaching 1500 euros and 150 free spins.
The official site provides continuous support all day in multiple languages across several channels.
888starz 888starz
The official website ensures a safe, licensed environment that protects player data and funds.
The official site offers over five thousand casino and slot titles from trusted developers.
The official site offers competitive odds and live betting with real-time updates.
The official site lists every promotion in a clear, easy-to-find section.
888starz lets users create a new account in several ways in only a few minutes.
888starz 888starz
True Fortune is tailored to players in the United Kingdom, with familiar payment methods and clear terms.
The lobby showcases jackpot slots and the latest releases right at the top.
Every wager earns loyalty points that can be exchanged for bonus credit.
True Fortune supports popular payment methods including Visa, Mastercard and e-wallets like Skrill and Neteller.
Independent audits confirm the games are fair and payouts are genuine.
True Fortune works seamlessly on smartphones and tablets straight from the browser.
true fortune no deposit bonus code true fortune no deposit bonus code
Open doors welcome https://karfaoqer.com/
I relish, lead to I found exactly what I was looking for.
You’ve ended my four day lengthy hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day.
Bye
والله أنا بقالي كام شهر بلعب على المنصة دي من الموبايل، وحبيت أشارككم رأيي علشان في ناس بتتخبط عن موضوع تطبيق 888starz. اللي عجبني من البداية إن المكتبة كبيرة جدًا، قريب من أكتر من 2500 لعبة سلوتس تقريبًا، ومش كلها حشو زي بعض المواقع التانية.
مطوري الألعاب كلها بروڤايدرز كبار زي Pragmatic Play وNetEnt. أنا بحب سويت بونانزا وجيتس أوف أوليمبوس، ومن وقت للتاني بجرب Book of Dead. لو بتفضل اللعب الحقيقي فيه قسم الديلر المباشر من Evolution بموزعين حقيقيين، وألعاب زي Crazy Time بتكسر الملل.
موضوع العرض الترحيبي كويس: الديبوزيت الأول بياخد بونص 100% ومعاه لفات مجانية، وفيه no deposit لو بتحب تجرب الأول. بس اقرا الشروط كويس من متطلبات الرهان اللي حوالي 40 ضعف — دي نقطة لازم تفهمها. لو عايز تشوف الأكواد الحالية روح لـ تحميل 888 قبل ما تسجّل.
اللي مريّحني إن طرق الدفع كتير: فيزا وماستركارد، وسكريل ونتلر، وكمان كريبتو وبيتكوين. السحب بيجيلي بسرعة معقولة، مقارنة بحاجات تانية سحبت منها. التسجيل نفسه مش معقد، والحد الأدنى للإيداع مش مبالغ فيه.
اللي مضايقني شوية إن السابورت بيتأخر في وقت الذروة، ومرة استنيت شوية على الشات. غير كده تحميل التطبيق للأندرويد بيطلب إعدادات يدوية شوية، حاجة عادية بس مبتدئ ممكن يلخبط. 888starz apk شغال حلو على الموبايل والتحديث بيظبط المشاكل أول بأول.
في العموم أنا كمّلت عليه أكتر مما توقعت، و888starz apk بقى أساسي على موبايلي. منظّم ومرخّص، وده حاجة مهمة وانت بتحط فلوسك. لو حد جرّبه يشاركنا.
تحميل برنامج 888starz ثلاث ثمانيات ستارز
Подберем квартиру https://kvartira-78.ru в Санкт-Петербурге с учетом ваших требований и бюджета. Проверим юридическую историю недвижимости, оценим риски, организуем просмотры, поможем получить ипотеку и сопроводим сделку до государственной регистрации права собственности.
Подберем квартиру https://kvartira-78.ru в Санкт-Петербурге с учетом ваших требований и бюджета. Проверим юридическую историю недвижимости, оценим риски, организуем просмотры, поможем получить ипотеку и сопроводим сделку до государственной регистрации права собственности.
Pingback: sinusitis complications
Самое полезное для вас: https://6may.org
Самое важное сегодня: https://6may.org
I do trust all of the concepts you’ve offered in your post.
They are very convincing and can certainly work.
Still, the posts are very short for novices.
Could you please prolong them a little from
subsequent time? Thank you for the post.
быстрая доставка пиццы пицца воронеж телефон
заказать pizza пиццы меню
Полная версия обзора: https://6may.org
Самое важное сегодня: https://6may.org
Только лучшее здесь: https://allwoman.kyiv.ua
Самые свежие данные: https://autonovosti.kyiv.ua
Читать больше на сайте: https://allwoman.kyiv.ua
Читайте свежий материал: https://avto-drug.com
Главный сюжет дня: https://autonovosti.kyiv.ua
Полная статья здесь: https://avto-drug.com
Hi there, I log on to your blogs daily. Your story-telling style is awesome, keep it up!
Полная версия по ссылке: https://nicegirl.kyiv.ua
Полная версия статьи: https://novosti24.com.ua
Подробный анализ темы: https://nicegirl.kyiv.ua
Больше на нашем сайте: https://one-lady.com
Интересные детали внутри: https://novosti24.com.ua
Свежая публикация на странице: https://otnoshenia.net
Подробности внутри: https://one-lady.com
Узнайте больше на сайте: https://otnoshenia.net
Wow, this article is good, my sister is analyzing such things, so
I am going to inform her.
Hi, i think that i saw you visited my web
site thus i came to “return the favor”.I’m attempting to find
things to improve my website!I suppose its ok to use some
of your ideas!!
Excellent blog here! Also your web site loads up very fast!
What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
I wish my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol
What’s up, I want to subscribe for this web site to obtain most
up-to-date updates, thus where can i do it please help.
Very descriptive blog, I loved that a lot. Will there be a part 2?
Today, I went to the beachfront with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave
it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell to her ear
and screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is entirely off topic but I had
to tell someone!
Hello, i think that i saw you visited my site so i came to “return the favor”.I’m attempting to find things to improve
my web site!I suppose its ok to use a few of your ideas!!
I delight in, lead to I found just what I used to be having a
look for. You’ve ended my 4 day lengthy hunt!
God Bless you man. Have a nice day. Bye
Hey there, I think your site might be having
browser compatibility issues. When I look at your blog in Firefox, it
looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer,
it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Other then that, wonderful blog!
I have read so many content about the blogger lovers except this post is actually a
nice article, keep it up.
This is a topic that’s near to my heart… Cheers!
Exactly where are your contact details though?
Howdy, I do think your web site could be
having web browser compatibility problems. When I take a look at your blog in Safari, it looks fine but when opening
in IE, it has some overlapping issues. I merely wanted to
give you a quick heads up! Besides that, great blog!
Peculiar article, exactly what I needed.
Hmm it seems like your website ate my first comment (it was super long) so I
guess I’ll just sum it up what I submitted and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog.
I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new
to everything. Do you have any tips for first-time blog writers?
I’d definitely appreciate it.
Very good info. Lucky me I ran across your site by chance (stumbleupon).
I have bookmarked it for later!
I used to be able to find good information from your blog articles.
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. That is a really smartly written article.
I’ll be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your
helpful info. Thank you for the post. I’ll definitely comeback.
Разработка и продвижение сайтов в Краснодаре https://intopweb.ru. Проведём детальный аудит вашего сайта бесплатно. 13 лет опыта и только реальные проекты с кейсами. Узнайте о нас подробнее. Работаем по всей России.
Все для успешной учёбы https://lovi-znaniya.ru. Тренажёр для самостоятельной подготовки школьников. Посетите сайт и вы найдете задания, тесты, флеш-карточки, AI-помощник и геймификация — всё в одном месте, а также материалы для обучения для 1-11 классов.
I got this web page from my pal who told me on the topic of this site and at the moment this
time I am visiting this website and reading very informative
posts at this time.
Посетите сайт Акула Системс https://acula.by и вы найдете SEO продвижение сайтов в Минске, а также бесплатный аудит, план работ и примеры кейсов. Увеличим трафик и продажи без лишних затрат. Узнайте обо всех наших услугах подробнее на сайте.
I’ve read some just right stuff here. Definitely price bookmarking for revisiting.
I surprise how a lot effort you put to make this
type of fantastic informative site.
Thank you for another informative website.
The place else may just I get that type of information written in such an ideal way?
I’ve a venture that I’m just now working on, and
I have been at the look out for such info.
What’s Taking place i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I’ve discovered It positively useful and it has helped
me out loads. I’m hoping to give a contribution & aid different users like its helped me.
Good job.